Do YOU work with a psychopath? Experts reveal the traits and tell-tale signs of the condition found in successful people
- Experts from Emory University discuss theory of 'successful psychopathy'
- Estimates suggest psychopathy is found in 1% of the general population
- This includes powerful and successful people such as CEOs and lawyers
- Traits include charm, being good in a crisis, intervening in emergencies and being persuasive
Despite the popular perception, most psychopaths aren't coldblooded or psychotic killers.
Research suggests many of them live successfully among the rest of us, using their personality traits to get what they want in life.
It has even been claimed that some of the world's most powerful and successful people, including American presidents, exhibit traits of the behavioural disorder.
Here, writing for The Conversation, Scott Lilienfeld, professor of psychology at Emory University and student Ashley Watts reveal the theory behind 'successful psychopathy'.
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Despite the popular perception, most psychopaths aren't coldblooded or psychotic killers (Patrick Bateman played by Christian Bale is pictured). Research suggests many live successfully among us, using personality traits to get what they want. It has even been claimed some of the world's most powerful people exhibit traits
Psychopathy is not easily defined, but most psychologists view it as a personality disorder characterised by superficial charm with profound dishonesty, callousness, and poor impulse control.
According to some estimates, psychopathy is found in about one per cent of the general population, and for reasons that are poorly understood, most psychopaths are male.
That number likely doesn't capture the full number of people with some degree of psychopathy.
Data suggest that psychopathic traits lie on a continuum, so some individuals possess marked psychopathic traits but don't fulfill the criteria for full-blown psychopathy.
Not surprisingly, fully psychopathic individuals are more likely than other people to commit crimes.
Contrary to popular belief, only a minority are violent.
But because researchers tend to seek out psychopaths where they can locate them in plentiful numbers, much research on the condition has taken place in prisons and jails.
That's why until fairly recently the lion's share of theory and research on psychopathy focused on decidedly unsuccessful individuals, such as convicted criminals.
But a lot of people on the psychopathic continuum aren't in jail or prison.
In fact, some individuals may be able to use psychopathic traits, like boldness, to achieve professional success.
Successful psychopathy is a controversial idea, but it's not a new one.
In 1941, American psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley was among the first to highlight this paradoxical condition in his book The Mask of Sanity.
According to Cleckley, the psychopath is a hybrid creature, donning an engaging veil of normalcy that conceals an emotionally impoverished and profoundly disturbed core.
In Cleckley's eyes, psychopaths are charming, self-centered, dishonest, guiltless and callous people who lead aimless lives devoid of deep interpersonal attachments.
But Cleckley also alluded to the possibility that some psychopathic individuals are successful interpersonally and occupationally, at least in the short term.
According to some estimates, psychopathy is found in about 1% of the general population. Contrary to popular belief, only a minority are violent (like Hannibal Lecter played by Anthony Hopkins in Red Dragon pictured) and because studies seek out psychopaths in prisons, many focus on only convicted criminals
But what's the difference between the psychopaths who get arrested and the ones who don't?
Research from Adrian Raine, now at the University of Pennsylvania, conducted in the 1990s sheds some light.
Raine and his colleagues recruited men from temporary employment agencies in the Los Angeles area.
After first identifying those who met the criteria for psychopathy, they compared the 13 participants who had been convicted of one or more crimes with the 26 who had not.
Raine provisionally regarded these 26 men as successful psychopaths.
Each man gave a videotaped speech about his personal flaws.
Raine and his colleagues found that the men they considered successful psychopaths displayed significantly greater heart rate increases, suggesting an increase in social anxiety.
These men also performed better on a task requiring them to modulate their impulses.
The bottom line was having a modicum of social anxiety and impulse control may explain why some psychopathic people manage to stay out of trouble.
More recently, researchers have speculated that people with pronounced psychopathic traits may be found disproportionately in certain professional niches, such as politics, business, law enforcement, firefighting, special operations military services and high-risk sports.
Most of those with psychopathic traits probably aren't classic 'psychopaths,' but nonetheless exhibit many features of the condition.
Perhaps their social poise, charisma, audacity, adventurousness and emotional resilience lends them a performance edge over the rest of us when it comes to high-stakes settings.
Recently, some researchers, have speculated that people with pronounced psychopathic traits may be found disproportionately in certain professional niches, such as politics, business, lawyers (stock image) and law enforcement, firefighting, special operations military services and high-risk sports.
In a study of the 42 American presidents up to and including George W. Bush (pictured), researchers found that boldness - a psychopathic trait linked with charm and manipulation - was positively, although modestly, associated with better overall presidential performance
The lab at Emory University, and that of collaborators at Florida State University, are investigating whether some psychopathic traits, such as boldness, predispose to certain successful behaviours.
Boldness encompasses poise and charm, physical risk-taking and emotional resilience, and it is a trait that is well-represented in many widely used psychopathy measures.
For instance, in studies on college students and people in the general community, the study found that boldness is modestly tied to impulsive heroic behaviors, such as intervening in emergencies.
It's also linked to a higher likelihood of assuming leadership and management positions, and to certain professions, such as law enforcement, firefighting and dangerous sports.
There's one job in particular in which boldness may make a difference - president of the United States.
Psychopaths occasionally tend to exhibit unconvincing emotional responses and will tell false secrets (stock image) to people to gain their complete trust. Although boldness was tied to successful actions, the study generally found other features, such as callousness, were negatively related to professional success
In a study of the 42 American presidents up to and including George W. Bush, the researchers asked biographers and other experts to complete a detailed set of personality items – including items assessing boldness – about the president of their expertise.
Then, they connected these data with independent surveys of presidential performance by prominent historians.
They found that boldness was positively, although modestly, associated with better overall presidential performance.
And several specific facets of such performance, such as crisis management, agenda setting and public persuasiveness, were associated with boldness too.
The boldest presidents were not necessarily extreme or pathological on this dimension, but boldness was markedly elevated relative to the average person.
Although boldness was tied to some successful actions, the study generally found that other psychopathic features, such as callousness and poor impulse control, were unrelated or negatively related to professional success.
Boldness may be associated with certain positive life outcomes, but full-fledged psychopathy generally is not.
Could psychopathic traits be adaptive? Few investigators have explored the 'Goldilocks' hypothesis. Moreover, we know surprisingly little about how psychopathic traits forecast real-world behaviour over extended stretches of time.
The charm of the psychopath is shallow and superficial.
With that in mind, we would argue that boldness and allied traits may be linked to successful behaviours in the short term, but that their effectiveness almost always fizzles out in the long term.
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