Business-Cycle PrimerSometimes it’s painful to read the business press, and never more so than during an economic slump. Reporters flail about for explanations. They quote stock analysts, politicians, day traders, other journalists, and even, from time to time, academic economists. But they never seem to arrive at anything approaching an explanation. If you are purporting to examine the merit of various anti-recession measures, you surely need some explanation of the recession’s cause. The most common attempt at a theory has something to do with consumer confidence. The press likes this one this year, because this is the Clinton administration’s theory as to why, day by day, the economy becomes weaker. You see, Clinton’s spokesmen have repeatedly said that the incoming regime is threatening recession by the mere fact that Bush and Cheney are talking about it. Remarkable. Bush isn’t even president yet and the Clinton crew is blaming him for the economic conditions of the past two quarters! The idea is this. If consumers believe the economy is headed down, they might save instead of spend. The business sector, afflicted with the same fears, doesn’t invest. The two forces merge to create a decline in overall demand for goods and services, and, next thing you know, it’s straight into the economic gutter. So is there anything to the "talk theory" of recession? As Frank Shostak has pointed out, this theory implies that underlying economic reality has no meaning. Whether we are rich or poor depends on our collective state of mind. A recession becomes nothing but a national bad mood. On the same theory, you could also claim that the economic boom of the 1990s was a result of happy talk from government officials. And maybe, based on this idea, the best way to avoid recession is to turn off our radios, televisions, and computers. We should just sit back and meditate on government press releases. That’ll keep the boom going. Gosh, maybe we can talk our way into perpetual prosperity. If only we knew the magic words, we could print them in a book and ship it to the developing world where they can all talk their way into prosperity too. Maybe there should be jail sentences for naysayers, who, after all, threaten the national well-being. Does it sound absurd? Of course. But the business press, woefully uneducated in economic theory and relentlessly biased, reports it straight, as if those pushing the talk theory of the business cycle might not have a political purpose in mind. And that purpose is obvious: deny the reality of the situation and promote an illusion of truth. That’s the Clinton way. Another theory going the rounds is that business cycles are like Clemenza’s theory of familial war from Godfather I: "This thing’s gotta happen every five years or so – ten years – helps to get rid of the bad blood." And sometimes there seems to be a superficial plausibility to the idea. But to say something happens in cycles is not to explain it; it is only to observe the obvious. Business cycle theories are legion and they come and go. But the only explanation that has stood the test of time was first advanced in 1912, in Ludwig von Mises’s masterwork, The Theory of Money and Credit. Elaborations on the theory, by Mises and his student Hayek in the 1930s, culminated in the Austrian theory of the business cycle. The theory begins by observing the profound effect that interest rates have on investment decisions. Left to the market, interest rates are determined by the supply of credit (a mirror of the savings rate) and the willingness to take risks in the market (a mirror of the return on capital). What throws this out of whack is manipulation by the central bank. When the Fed feeds artificial credit into the economy by lowering interest rates, it spurs investments in projects that eventually don’t pan out. For example, the high-tech and dot-com manias resulted from a decade of sustained money growth via lower interest rates. When the Fed stepped on the brakes to prevent prices from rising, it prompted a sell-off, and hence a downturn. What’s tricky to understand is what can’t be seen. Just because prices aren’t going up doesn’t mean the money supply is in check. Just because people in some sectors are getting rich doesn’t mean that the prosperity is on solid ground. Just because the stock market is going up doesn’t mean that the architecture of investment (to use James Grant’s phrase) is in good working order. Right now, conventional wisdom says that the Fed needs to flood the economy with money and credit. But as we can see, it is precisely this path that created the problems to begin with. Besides, Japan tried this trick in the 1990s, even lowering interest rates to zero, without effect. No Austrian economist was surprised when the Fed’s dramatic intervention this month produced no lasting effect on the markets. Clemenza is correct to this extent: there is bad blood in the economy and it needs to be drained. There are ways to make recessions easier to endure. Cutting taxes is one of them. Getting rid of regulations that hinder enterprise is another. The outrageous hounding of Microsoft among many others facing the antitrust guillotine, as well as the many trumped-up suits against businesses for "racism," must stop. These are prosperity killers. The purpose of freeing the market is not to stimulate demand (as Bush’s advisers seem to think) but to unshackle entrepreneurship and permit the consuming public more choice in using their money.
January 19, 2001 Copyright © 2001 LewRockwell.com |
